BBC BASIC for Windows

Reference information

Table of ASCII codes

Binary	Hex	Dec	Char
`00000000`	`&00`	`0`	`^@`	`NUL`
`00000001`	`&01`	`1`	`^A`	`SOH Start of Heading`
`00000010`	`&02`	`2`	`^B`	`STX Start of Text`
`00000011`	`&03`	`3`	`^C`	`ETX End of Text`
`00000100`	`&04`	`4`	`^D`	`EOT End of Transmit`
`00000101`	`&05`	`5`	`^E`	`ENQ Enquiry`
`00000110`	`&06`	`6`	`^F`	`ACK Acknowledge`
`00000111`	`&07`	`7`	`^G`	`BEL Bell - Audible Signal`
`00001000`	`&08`	`8`	`^H`	`BS Back Space`
`00001001`	`&09`	`9`	`^I`	`HT Horizontal Tab`
`00001010`	`&0A`	`10`	`^J`	`LF Line Feed`
`00001011`	`&0B`	`11`	`^K`	`VT Vertical Tab`
`00001100`	`&0C`	`12`	`^L`	`FF Form Feed`
`00001101`	`&0D`	`13`	`^M`	`CR Carriage Return`
`00001110`	`&0E`	`14`	`^N`	`SO Shift Out`
`00001111`	`&0F`	`15`	`^O`	`SI Shift In`
`00010000`	`&10`	`16`	`^P`	`DLE Data Link Escape`
`00010001`	`&11`	`17`	`^Q`	`DC1 X On`
`00010010`	`&12`	`18`	`^R`	`DC2 Aux On`
`00010011`	`&13`	`19`	`^S`	`DC3 X Off`
`00010100`	`&14`	`20`	`^T`	`DC4 Aux Off`
`00010101`	`&15`	`21`	`^U`	`NAK Negative Acknowledge`
`00010110`	`&16`	`22`	`^V`	`SYN Synchronous Idle`
`00010111`	`&17`	`23`	`^W`	`ETB End of Transmitted Block`
`00011000`	`&18`	`24`	`^X`	`CAN Cancel`
`00011001`	`&19`	`25`	`^Y`	`EM End of Medium`
`00011010`	`&1A`	`26`	`^Z`	`SUB Substitute`
`00011011`	`&1B`	`27`	`^[`	`ESC Escape`
`00011100`	`&1C`	`28`	`^\`	`FS File Separator`
`00011101`	`&1D`	`29`	`^]`	`GS Group Separator`
`00011110`	`&1E`	`30`	`^^`	`RS Record Separator`
`00011111`	`&1F`	`31`	`^_`	`US Unit Separator`

Binary Hex Dec Char

00100000 &20 32 Space

00100001 &21 33 !

00100010 &22 34 "

00100011 &23 35 #

00100100 &24 36 $

00100101 &25 37 %

00100110 &26 38 &

00100111 &27 39 '

00101000 &28 40 (

00101001 &29 41 )

00101010 &2A 42 *

00101011 &2B 43 +

00101100 &2C 44 ,

00101101 &2D 45 -

00101110 &2E 46 .

00101111 &2F 47 /

00110000 &30 48 0

00110001 &31 49 1

00110010 &32 50 2

00110011 &33 51 3

00110100 &34 52 4

00110101 &35 53 5

00110110 &36 54 6

00110111 &37 55 7

00111000 &38 56 8

00111001 &39 57 9

00111010 &3A 58 :

00111011 &3B 59 ;

00111100 &3C 60 <

00111101 &3D 61 =

00111110 &3E 62 >

00111111 &3F 63 ?

01000000 &40 64 @

01000001 &41 65 A

01000010 &42 66 B

01000011 &43 67 C

01000100 &44 68 D

01000101 &45 69 E

01000110 &46 70 F

01000111 &47 71 G

01001000 &48 72 H

01001001 &49 73 I

01001010 &4A 74 J

01001011 &4B 75 K

01001100 &4C 76 L

01001101 &4D 77 M

01001110 &4E 78 N

01001111 &4F 79 O

01010000 &50 80 P

01010001 &51 81 Q

01010010 &52 82 R

01010011 &53 83 S

01010100 &54 84 T

01010101 &55 85 U

01010110 &56 86 V

01010111 &57 87 W

01011000 &58 88 X

01011001 &59 89 Y

01011010 &5A 90 Z

01011011 &5B 91 [

01011100 &5C 92 \

01011101 &5D 93 ]

01011110 &5E 94 ^

01011111 &5F 95 _

01100000 &60 96 `

01100001 &61 97 a

01100010 &62 98 b

01100011 &63 99 c

01100100 &64 100 d

01100101 &65 101 e

01100110 &66 102 f

01100111 &67 103 g

01101000 &68 104 h

01101001 &69 105 i

01101010 &6A 106 j

01101011 &6B 107 k

01101100 &6C 108 l

01101101 &6D 109 m

01101110 &6E 110 n

01101111 &6F 111 o

01110000 &70 112 p

01110001 &71 113 q

01110010 &72 114 r

01110011 &73 115 s

01110100 &74 116 t

01110101 &75 117 u

01110110 &76 118 v

01110111 &77 119 w

01111000 &78 120 x

01111001 &79 121 y

01111010 &7A 122 z

01111011 &7B 123 {

01111100 &7C 124 |

01111101 &7D 125 }

01111110 &7E 126 ~

01111111 &7F 127 DEL Delete

Binary	Hex	Dec	Char
`00100000`	`&20`	`32`	`Space`
`00100001`	`&21`	`33`	`!`
`00100010`	`&22`	`34`	`"`
`00100011`	`&23`	`35`	`#`
`00100100`	`&24`	`36`	`$`
`00100101`	`&25`	`37`	`%`
`00100110`	`&26`	`38`	`&`
`00100111`	`&27`	`39`	`'`
`00101000`	`&28`	`40`	`(`
`00101001`	`&29`	`41`	`)`
`00101010`	`&2A`	`42`	`*`
`00101011`	`&2B`	`43`	`+`
`00101100`	`&2C`	`44`	`,`
`00101101`	`&2D`	`45`	`-`
`00101110`	`&2E`	`46`	`.`
`00101111`	`&2F`	`47`	`/`
`00110000`	`&30`	`48`	`0`
`00110001`	`&31`	`49`	`1`
`00110010`	`&32`	`50`	`2`
`00110011`	`&33`	`51`	`3`
`00110100`	`&34`	`52`	`4`
`00110101`	`&35`	`53`	`5`
`00110110`	`&36`	`54`	`6`
`00110111`	`&37`	`55`	`7`
`00111000`	`&38`	`56`	`8`
`00111001`	`&39`	`57`	`9`
`00111010`	`&3A`	`58`	`:`
`00111011`	`&3B`	`59`	`;`
`00111100`	`&3C`	`60`	`<`
`00111101`	`&3D`	`61`	`=`
`00111110`	`&3E`	`62`	`>`
`00111111`	`&3F`	`63`	`?`

`01000000`	`&40`	`64`	`@`
`01000001`	`&41`	`65`	`A`
`01000010`	`&42`	`66`	`B`
`01000011`	`&43`	`67`	`C`
`01000100`	`&44`	`68`	`D`
`01000101`	`&45`	`69`	`E`
`01000110`	`&46`	`70`	`F`
`01000111`	`&47`	`71`	`G`
`01001000`	`&48`	`72`	`H`
`01001001`	`&49`	`73`	`I`
`01001010`	`&4A`	`74`	`J`
`01001011`	`&4B`	`75`	`K`
`01001100`	`&4C`	`76`	`L`
`01001101`	`&4D`	`77`	`M`
`01001110`	`&4E`	`78`	`N`
`01001111`	`&4F`	`79`	`O`
`01010000`	`&50`	`80`	`P`
`01010001`	`&51`	`81`	`Q`
`01010010`	`&52`	`82`	`R`
`01010011`	`&53`	`83`	`S`
`01010100`	`&54`	`84`	`T`
`01010101`	`&55`	`85`	`U`
`01010110`	`&56`	`86`	`V`
`01010111`	`&57`	`87`	`W`
`01011000`	`&58`	`88`	`X`
`01011001`	`&59`	`89`	`Y`
`01011010`	`&5A`	`90`	`Z`
`01011011`	`&5B`	`91`	`[`
`01011100`	`&5C`	`92`	`\`
`01011101`	`&5D`	`93`	`]`
`01011110`	`&5E`	`94`	`^`
`01011111`	`&5F`	`95`	`_`

`01100000`	`&60`	`96`	`
`01100001`	`&61`	`97`	`a`
`01100010`	`&62`	`98`	`b`
`01100011`	`&63`	`99`	`c`
`01100100`	`&64`	`100`	`d`
`01100101`	`&65`	`101`	`e`
`01100110`	`&66`	`102`	`f`
`01100111`	`&67`	`103`	`g`
`01101000`	`&68`	`104`	`h`
`01101001`	`&69`	`105`	`i`
`01101010`	`&6A`	`106`	`j`
`01101011`	`&6B`	`107`	`k`
`01101100`	`&6C`	`108`	`l`
`01101101`	`&6D`	`109`	`m`
`01101110`	`&6E`	`110`	`n`
`01101111`	`&6F`	`111`	`o`
`01110000`	`&70`	`112`	`p`
`01110001`	`&71`	`113`	`q`
`01110010`	`&72`	`114`	`r`
`01110011`	`&73`	`115`	`s`
`01110100`	`&74`	`116`	`t`
`01110101`	`&75`	`117`	`u`
`01110110`	`&76`	`118`	`v`
`01110111`	`&77`	`119`	`w`
`01111000`	`&78`	`120`	`x`
`01111001`	`&79`	`121`	`y`
`01111010`	`&7A`	`122`	`z`
`01111011`	`&7B`	`123`	`{`
`01111100`	`&7C`	`124`	`\|`
`01111101`	`&7D`	`125`	`}`
`01111110`	`&7E`	`126`	`~`
`01111111`	`&7F`	`127`	`DEL Delete`

Mathematical functions

BBC BASIC for Windows has more intrinsic mathematical functions than many other versions of BASIC. Some of those that are not provided may be calculated as shown below.

Function Calculation

SECANT

SEC(X)=1/COS(X)

COSECANT

CSC(X)=1/SIN(X)

COTANGENT

COT(X)=1/TAN(X)

Inverse SECANT

ARCSEC(X)=ACS(1/X)

Inverse COSECANT

ARCCSC(X)=ASN(1/X)

Inverse COTANGENT

ARCCOT(X)=ATN(1/X) =PI/2-ATN(X)

Hyperbolic SINE

SINH(X)=(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))/2

Hyperbolic COSINE

COSH(X)=(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))/2

Hyperbolic TANGENT

TANH(X)=EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))*2+1

Hyperbolic SECANT

SECH(X)=2/(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))

Hyperbolic COSECANT

CSCH(X)=2/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))

Hyperbolic COTANGENT

COTH(X)=EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))*2+1

Inverse Hyperbolic SIN

ARCSINH(X)=LN(X+SQR(X*X+1))

Inverse Hyperbolic COSINE

ARCCOSH(X)=LN(X+SQR(X*X-1))

Inverse Hyperbolic TANGENT

ARCTANH(X)=LN((1+X)/(1-X))/2

Inverse Hyperbolic SECANT

ARCSECH(X)=LN((SQR(-X*X+1)+1)/X)

Inverse Hyperbolic COSECANT

ARCCSCH(X)=LN((SGN(X)*SQR(X*X+1)+1)/X

Inverse Hyperbolic COTANGENT

ARCCOTH(X)=LN((X+1)/(X-1))/2

LOGn(X)

LOGn(X)=LN(X)/LN(n) =LOG(X)/LOG(n)

Function	Calculation
SECANT
	`SEC(X)=1/COS(X)`
COSECANT
	`CSC(X)=1/SIN(X)`
COTANGENT
	`COT(X)=1/TAN(X)`
Inverse SECANT
	`ARCSEC(X)=ACS(1/X)`
Inverse COSECANT
	`ARCCSC(X)=ASN(1/X)`
Inverse COTANGENT
	`ARCCOT(X)=ATN(1/X) =PI/2-ATN(X)`
Hyperbolic SINE
	`SINH(X)=(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))/2`
Hyperbolic COSINE
	`COSH(X)=(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))/2`
Hyperbolic TANGENT
	`TANH(X)=EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))*2+1`
Hyperbolic SECANT
	`SECH(X)=2/(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))`
Hyperbolic COSECANT
	`CSCH(X)=2/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))`
Hyperbolic COTANGENT
	`COTH(X)=EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))*2+1`
Inverse Hyperbolic SIN
	`ARCSINH(X)=LN(X+SQR(X*X+1))`
Inverse Hyperbolic COSINE
	`ARCCOSH(X)=LN(X+SQR(X*X-1))`
Inverse Hyperbolic TANGENT
	`ARCTANH(X)=LN((1+X)/(1-X))/2`
Inverse Hyperbolic SECANT
	`ARCSECH(X)=LN((SQR(-X*X+1)+1)/X)`
Inverse Hyperbolic COSECANT
	`ARCCSCH(X)=LN((SGN(X)SQR(XX+1)+1)/X`
Inverse Hyperbolic COTANGENT
	`ARCCOTH(X)=LN((X+1)/(X-1))/2`
LOGn(X)
	`LOGn(X)=LN(X)/LN(n) =LOG(X)/LOG(n)`

Keyword tokens

BBC BASIC for Windows internal-format programs are tokenised, that is BASIC keywords are represented as single-byte values. This results in programs which are shorter and which execute faster; see the Format of data in memory section for more details. The following table lists the token value for each BBC BASIC keyword:

Token Keyword

&80 AND

&81 DIV

&82 EOR

&83 MOD

&84 OR

&85 ERROR

&86 LINE

&87 OFF

&88 STEP

&89 SPC

&8A TAB( ³

&8B ELSE

&8C THEN

&8D line number ¹

&8E OPENIN

&8F PTR (right) ²

&90 PAGE (right) ²

&91 TIME (right) ²

&92 LOMEM (right) ²

&93 HIMEM (right) ²

&94 ABS

&95 ACS

&96 ADVAL

&97 ASC

&98 ASN

&99 ATN

&9A BGET

&9B COS

&9C COUNT

&9D DEG

&9E ERL

&9F ERR

&A0 EVAL

&A1 EXP

&A2 EXT

&A3 FALSE

&A4 FN

&A5 GET

&A6 INKEY

&A7 INSTR( ³

&A8 INT

&A9 LEN

&AA LN

&AB LOG

&AC NOT

&AD OPENUP

&AE OPENOUT

&AF PI

&B0 POINT( ³

&B1 POS

&B2 RAD

&B3 RND

&B4 SGN

&B5 SIN

&B6 SQR

&B7 TAN

&B8 TO ⁴

&B9 TRUE

&BA USR

&BB VAL

&BC VPOS

&BD CHR$

&BE GET$

&BF INKEY$

&C0 LEFT$( ³

&C1 MID$( ³

&C2 RIGHT$( ³

&C3 STR$

&C4 STRING$( ³

&C5 EOF

&C6 SUM

&C7 WHILE

&C8 CASE

&C9 WHEN

&CA OF

&CB ENDCASE

&CC OTHERWISE

&CD ENDIF

&CE ENDWHILE

&CF PTR (left) ²

&D0 PAGE (left) ²

&D1 TIME (left) ²

&D2 LOMEM (left) ²

&D3 HIMEM (left) ²

&D4 SOUND

&D5 BPUT

&D6 CALL

&D7 CHAIN

&D8 CLEAR

&D9 CLOSE

&DA CLG

&DB CLS

&DC DATA

&DD DEF

&DE DIM

&DF DRAW

&E0 END

&E1 ENDPROC

&E2 ENVELOPE

&E3 FOR

&E4 GOSUB

&E5 GOTO

&E6 GCOL

&E7 IF

&E8 INPUT

&E9 LET

&EA LOCAL

&EB MODE

&EC MOVE

&ED NEXT

&EE ON

&EF VDU

&F0 PLOT

&F1 PRINT

&F2 PROC

&F3 READ

&F4 REM

&F5 REPEAT

&F6 REPORT

&F7 RESTORE

&F8 RETURN

&F9 RUN

&FA STOP

&FB COLOUR⁵

&FC TRACE

&FD UNTIL

&FE WIDTH

&FF OSCLI

&00 reserved

&01 CIRCLE

&02 ELLIPSE

&03 FILL

&04 MOUSE

&05 ORIGIN

&06 QUIT

&07 RECTANGLE

&08 SWAP

&09 SYS

&0A TINT

&0B WAIT

&0C INSTALL

&0D end of line

&0E PRIVATE

&0F BY

&10 EXIT

Token	Keyword
&80	AND
&81	DIV
&82	EOR
&83	MOD
&84	OR
&85	ERROR
&86	LINE
&87	OFF
&88	STEP
&89	SPC
&8A	TAB( ³
&8B	ELSE
&8C	THEN
&8D	line number ¹
&8E	OPENIN
&8F	PTR (right) ²

&90	PAGE (right) ²
&91	TIME (right) ²
&92	LOMEM (right) ²
&93	HIMEM (right) ²
&94	ABS
&95	ACS
&96	ADVAL
&97	ASC
&98	ASN
&99	ATN
&9A	BGET
&9B	COS
&9C	COUNT
&9D	DEG
&9E	ERL
&9F	ERR

&A0	EVAL
&A1	EXP
&A2	EXT
&A3	FALSE
&A4	FN
&A5	GET
&A6	INKEY
&A7	INSTR( ³
&A8	INT
&A9	LEN
&AA	LN
&AB	LOG
&AC	NOT
&AD	OPENUP
&AE	OPENOUT
&AF	PI

&B0	POINT( ³
&B1	POS
&B2	RAD
&B3	RND
&B4	SGN
&B5	SIN
&B6	SQR
&B7	TAN
&B8	TO ⁴
&B9	TRUE
&BA	USR
&BB	VAL
&BC	VPOS
&BD	CHR$
&BE	GET$
&BF	INKEY$

&C0	LEFT$( ³
&C1	MID$( ³
&C2	RIGHT$( ³
&C3	STR$
&C4	STRING$( ³
&C5	EOF
&C6	SUM
&C7	WHILE
&C8	CASE
&C9	WHEN
&CA	OF
&CB	ENDCASE
&CC	OTHERWISE
&CD	ENDIF
&CE	ENDWHILE
&CF	PTR (left) ²

&D0	PAGE (left) ²
&D1	TIME (left) ²
&D2	LOMEM (left) ²
&D3	HIMEM (left) ²
&D4	SOUND
&D5	BPUT
&D6	CALL
&D7	CHAIN
&D8	CLEAR
&D9	CLOSE
&DA	CLG
&DB	CLS
&DC	DATA
&DD	DEF
&DE	DIM
&DF	DRAW

&E0	END
&E1	ENDPROC
&E2	ENVELOPE
&E3	FOR
&E4	GOSUB
&E5	GOTO
&E6	GCOL
&E7	IF
&E8	INPUT
&E9	LET
&EA	LOCAL
&EB	MODE
&EC	MOVE
&ED	NEXT
&EE	ON
&EF	VDU

&F0	PLOT
&F1	PRINT
&F2	PROC
&F3	READ
&F4	REM
&F5	REPEAT
&F6	REPORT
&F7	RESTORE
&F8	RETURN
&F9	RUN
&FA	STOP
&FB	COLOUR⁵
&FC	TRACE
&FD	UNTIL
&FE	WIDTH
&FF	OSCLI

&00	reserved
&01	CIRCLE
&02	ELLIPSE
&03	FILL
&04	MOUSE
&05	ORIGIN
&06	QUIT
&07	RECTANGLE
&08	SWAP
&09	SYS
&0A	TINT
&0B	WAIT
&0C	INSTALL
&0D	end of line
&0E	PRIVATE
&0F	BY

&10	EXIT

Notes:

Token value &8D doesn't represent a keyword, but marks the presence of an encoded line number (e.g. following a GOTO, GOSUB or RESTORE).
The pseudo-variables PTR, PAGE, TIME, LOMEM and HIMEM each have two tokens, depending on whether they are being written (i.e. to the left of an equals sign) or read (to the right of an equals sign).
The tokens for TAB, INSTR, POINT, LEFT$, MID$, RIGHT$ and STRING$ include the opening bracket; there cannot be a space between the keyword and the bracket.
The keyword TOP does not have a token. It is represented by the token for TO followed by a P.
Both COLOUR and COLOR are accepted, but the token is always listed as COLOUR.

CONTENTS

CONTINUE